Estabilización cervical: enfoque en terapia manual ortopédica
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Date
2017-11-23
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Abstract
Los pacientes con dolor cervical, producto de una lesión a nivel superior, media o inferior de la columna cervical pierden la capacidad de activar y/o entrenar la musculatura cervical profunda e integrar los ejercicios en una posición erguida incluso cuando se trabaja con el miembro superior, como también pueden perder la capacidad propioceptiva comprometiendo la integridad de la columna cervical.
El entrenamiento del control motor de la musculatura profunda, persigue restablecer un control óptimo de la columna, en cuanto a posición, movimiento, y distribución de fuerzas, logrando la correcta estabilidad-movilidad de la columna cervical.
El ejercicio activo de la musculatura profunda de la columna cervical puede cambiar el mecanismo de anticipación (feedforward), disminuyendo considerablemente el dolor, posición y estabilidad de la columna cervical mejorando la calidad funcional de vida del paciente.
Los distintos programas de tratamiento aplicados al dolor de cuello han mostrado tener ciertos grados de efectividad, el ejercicio para dolor de cuello agudo simplemente, no se encontró evidencia, para el dolor crónico de cuello evidencia de calidad moderada, en la terapia manual y la electroestimulación nerviosa transcutánea (TENS), no se observan diferencias significativas entre ambas terapias, ni a corto ni a medio plazo, sin embargo un programa de manejo multidisciplinario incluyendo la terapia física, el ejercicio de estiramiento y el ejercicio de baja carga en pacientes con dolor de cuello y cefalea cervicogénica; Los resultados revelaron que el programa fue eficaz para reducir la frecuencia, intensidad y duración del dolor de cabeza, la aplicación del programa multidisciplinario aumentó el estado funcional y la calidad de vida de los pacientes
Patients with cervical pain, resulting from an upper level injury, the media lower cervical spine lose the ability to activate and/or train the deep cervical musculature and integrate the exercises into an upright position when working with the upper limb, or they may lose the proprioceptive ability compromising the integrity of the cervical spine. The training of motor control of the deep musculature, seeks to restore an optimal control of the spine, in terms of position, movement, and distribution of forces, by achieving the correct stability/mobility of the cervical spine. Active exercises of the deep cervical spine muscles can change the feedforward mechanism, significantly reducing the pain, position and stability of the cervical spine by improving the functional quality of life of the patient. Several treatment programs applied to neck pain have shown to have certain degrees of effectiveness. Exercise for acute neck pain only, no evidence was found. For chronic neck pain, the evidence had moderate quality. For manual therapy and electrostimulation (TENS), there were no significant differences between the two therapy groups, either in the short or medium term. However, a multidisciplinary management program including physical therapy, stretching exercise and low-load-exercise in patients with neck pain and cervicogenic headache; The results revealed that the program was effective in reducing the frequency, intensity and duration of headache. The implementation of the multidisciplinary program increased the functional status and quality of life of patients
Patients with cervical pain, resulting from an upper level injury, the media lower cervical spine lose the ability to activate and/or train the deep cervical musculature and integrate the exercises into an upright position when working with the upper limb, or they may lose the proprioceptive ability compromising the integrity of the cervical spine. The training of motor control of the deep musculature, seeks to restore an optimal control of the spine, in terms of position, movement, and distribution of forces, by achieving the correct stability/mobility of the cervical spine. Active exercises of the deep cervical spine muscles can change the feedforward mechanism, significantly reducing the pain, position and stability of the cervical spine by improving the functional quality of life of the patient. Several treatment programs applied to neck pain have shown to have certain degrees of effectiveness. Exercise for acute neck pain only, no evidence was found. For chronic neck pain, the evidence had moderate quality. For manual therapy and electrostimulation (TENS), there were no significant differences between the two therapy groups, either in the short or medium term. However, a multidisciplinary management program including physical therapy, stretching exercise and low-load-exercise in patients with neck pain and cervicogenic headache; The results revealed that the program was effective in reducing the frequency, intensity and duration of headache. The implementation of the multidisciplinary program increased the functional status and quality of life of patients
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Keywords
Dolor cervical, Estabilidad, Inestabilidad, Control motor, Terapia física, Terapia manual, Ejercicios terapéuticos, Cervical pain, Stability, Instability, Motor control, Physical therapy, Manual therapy, Therapeutic exercises